The Na l and Cl 2 g produced in the electrolysis are kept from coming in contact and reforming NaCl. In addition, the Na must be prevented from contact with oxygen because the metal would quickly oxidize under the high-temperature conditions of the cell reaction. The electrolysis reaction is:. Although crystaline sodium chloride is a poor conductor of electricity, fusing it mobilizes the sodium and chloride ions , which become charge carriers and allow conduction of electric current.
The calcium does not enter into the reaction because its reduction potential of 2. Hence the sodium ions are reduced to metallic form in preference to those of calcium. Both the products of the electrolysis, sodium metal and chlorine gas, are less dense than the electrolyte and therefore float to the surface.
Perforated iron baffles are arranged in the cell see the diagram to the right to direct the products into separate chambers without their ever coming into contact with each other. Although theory predicts that a potential of a little over 4 volts should be sufficient to cause the reaction to go foward, in practice potentials of up to 8 volts are used. This is done in order to achieve useful current densities in the electrolyte despite its inherent electrical resistance.
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